Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, is renowned for his theory of moral development. Inspired by Jean Piaget, Kohlberg proposed six sequential stages grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. These stages represent varying levels of moral reasoning, from basic self-interest to principled moral reasoning based on universal ethical principles. Kohlberg believed that individuals progress…
Jerome Seymour Bruner is an American psychologist who specializes mostly in developmental, educational, and legal psychology. He was a leading figure in the American cognitive psychology movement. He works at the New York University School of Law as a senior research fellow. He graduated from Duke University with a B.A. in 1937 and Harvard University…
Erich Fromm, a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher, fused Freudian psychoanalysis with Marxist theory to develop a unique perspective on human nature and society. Departing from Freud’s emphasis on biological determinism, Fromm integrated Marx’s notion of societal influence on individuals. He believed that human behavior and character were shaped by both internal psychological forces…
Sheikh Sharafuddin Yahya Maneri, a prominent 14th-century Indian Sufi saint and scholar, hailed from Bihar, India, and belonged to the Chishti Sufi order. Influenced deeply by his father, Shaykh Alauddin Maneri, Sharafuddin Maneri is renowned for his spiritual treatise “Maktubat-i Sadi” (The Hundred Letters). These Persian letters, addressed to his disciples, impart profound insights into…
Sheikh Ahmad al-Alawi, born in 1869 in Mostaganem, Algeria, was a revered Sufi master and theologian of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He founded the Darqawiyya Alawiyya Sufi order, emphasizing spiritual purification, adherence to Islamic principles, and inner awakening. Sheikh al-Alawi’s teachings emphasized the importance of dhikr (remembrance of God) and spiritual practices…
Sheikh Abu Saeed Abul Khair was a prominent Persian Sufi poet, mystic, and philosopher who lived during the 10th and 11th centuries in present-day Iran. Renowned for his profound poetry, he explored themes of love, mysticism, and spiritual enlightenment in his works, primarily written in Persian. Abu Saeed Abul Khair’s verses are characterized by their…
Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, also known as Ghaus-ul-Azam or Abdul Qadir al-Jilani, was a revered Islamic scholar, mystic, and saint who lived during the 11th and 12th centuries. Born in 1077 CE in the Persian province of Gilan (present-day Iran), Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani is considered one of the most influential figures in Sufi history….
Shah Qamruddin Hussain was a revered Sufi saint and scholar who lived in Sindh, in present-day Pakistan, during the 18th century. Known for his piety and spiritual teachings, he played a significant role in spreading Sufi ideals of love, compassion, and devotion to God in the Indian subcontinent. Although historical records about him are limited,…
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, born in 1689 CE in Sindh (now in Pakistan), was a revered Sindhi Sufi poet, scholar, and saint. His poetic masterpiece, the “Shah Jo Risalo,” comprises verses in Sindhi language that delve into themes of love, mysticism, and devotion. Shah Latif’s poetry is renowned for its profound spiritual insights and ethical…
Sahl bin Abdullah al-Tustari was a significant figure in Sufi mysticism during the 9th century CE, born in Tustar, Iran. Renowned for his spiritual insights, he emphasized the importance of tawhid (the oneness of God) and inner purification in the Sufi path. His major work, “Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim,” offers profound commentary on the Quran, focusing…
